Drip irrigation a Boon

16/11/2018Posted on

Drip irrigation a Boon-

Availability of water for the successful production of a good crop is an important factor. Due to the ever-increasing population and climate change, the quantity of water available in the ground is decreasing, due to which the production of crops is constantly decreasing. Drip irrigation was invented to solve this problem which has proved to be a boon for farmers. In this method, water is transported directly from the sources of plastic pipes to the roots of plants.

Advantages of Drip Irrigation –

  • Saves 60-70% of water compared to other irrigation systems.
  • Drip irrigation helps plants to provide nutrients with greater efficiency.
  • Drip irrigation can prevent losses of water (due to evaporation and leakage).
  • Water in drip irrigation is given directly in the crop roots. Due to which the surrounding soil becomes dry, weeds cannot be grown.

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Prevention/Control/Treatment of Mastitis

14/11/2018Posted on

Prevention/Control/Treatment of Mastitis:-

Prevention:-

  • A good milking routine is vital.

 

  • This usually consists of applying a pre-milking teat dip or spray, such as an iodine spray, and wiping teats dry prior to milking.
  • The milking machine is then applied.
  • After milking, the teats can be cleaned again to remove any growth medium for bacteria.
  • A post-milking product such as iodine-propylene glycol dip is used as a disinfectant and a barrier between the open teat and the bacteria in the air.
  • Mastitis can occur after milking because the teat holes close after 15 minutes if the animal sits in a dirty place with feces and urine

    Control

  • Practices such as good nutrition, proper milking hygiene, and the culling of chronically infected cows can help.
  • Ensuring that cows have clean, dry bedding decreases the risk of infection and transmission.
  • Dairy workers should wear rubber gloves while milking, and machines should be cleaned regularly to decrease the incidence of transmission.

    Treatment

  • Treatment is possible with long-acting antibiotics, but milk from such cows is not marketable until drug residues have left the cow’s system.
  • Antibiotics may be systemic (injected into the body), or they may be forced upwards into the teat through the teat canal (intramammary infusion).
  • Cows being treated may be marked with tape to alert dairy workers, and their milk is syphoned off and discarded.
  • To determine whether the levels of antibiotic residuals are within regulatory requirements, special tests exist.
  • Vaccinations for mastitis are available, but as they only reduce the severity of the condition, and cannot prevent recurring infections, they should be used in conjunction with a mastitis prevention program.  

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Mastitis Disease in Dairy Cattle

13/11/2018Posted on

Mastitis Disease in Dairy Cattle:-

  • This disease can be identified by abnormalities in the udder such as swelling, heat, redness, hardness, or pain (if it is clinical). Other indications of mastitis may be abnormalities in milk such as a watery appearance, flakes, or clots. When infected with sub-clinical mastitis, a cow does not show any visible signs of infection or abnormalities in milk or on the udder.
  • Cattle affected by mastitis can be detected by examining the udder for inflammation and swelling, or by observing the consistency of the milk, which will often develop clots or change color when a cow is infected.

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Management of Carrot fly

12/11/2018Posted on

Management of Carrot fly:-

Damage –

  • The flies lay their eggs around the developing carrots.
  • Crop damage is caused by the creamy-yellow larvae (maggots) feeding on the outer layers of the carrot root. In autumn, they may penetrate further into the root.
  • The legless larvae are up to 10 mm in length.
  • Foliage becomes wilted and discoloured.
  • Leaves turn rusty red to scarlet with some yellowing. Rusty-brown tunnels are seen under the outer skin of mature roots.

 

Management –

  • Maintaining a 3–5-year crop rotation of all crops within the carrot family (Apiaceae), and locating these crops as far away as possible from the previous year’s crop.

  • Row cover is another method of exclusion.

  • Spray profenophos 50 EC @ 400 ml/acre.

  • Spray quinolphos 25 EC @ 300 ml/acre.

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Management of Wilt in Pea

10/11/2018Posted on

Management of Wilt in Pea:-

  • The roots turn black and the later rot away.
  • Plant growth is checked, foliage turn yellow and  downward curling of stipules and leaflets takes place.
  • The entire plant wilts and the stem shrivels.

Control:-

  • Treat seeds with Carboxin 37.%+ Thiram 37.5% @ 2 gm /kg or Trichoderma viride @ 5 gm/kg before sowing and avoid early sowing in badly infected areas.
  • Follow 3 years crops rotation.
  • Destroy the weed hosts.
  • Apply Mycorrhiza @ 4 kg/acre at 15 days after sowing.
  • Spraying Thiaphanate methyl 75% WP @ 300 gm/acre at before flowering.
  • Spraying Propiconazole 25% EC @ 125 ml/acre at pod formation stage.

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Happy Govardhan Puja

08/11/2018Posted on

A day of festivities and bliss,

Govardhan puja is here again,

May lord krishna bring you love and luck,

And destroy all the evils and pain.

Happy Govardhan Puja From Gramophone team.

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Happy Diwali

06/11/2018Posted on

Happy Diwali

On this illuminating festival of light,

May the glow of joy,

Prosperity and happiness

light up your in the year ahead.

Happy and safe diwali from Gramophone team.

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Happy Roop Chaturdarshi/Narak Chaturdarshi

06/11/2018Posted on

Happy Roop Chaturdarshi/Narak Chaturdarshi:-

May this Roop chaturdarshi

Endow you with opulence and prosperity

Happiness comes at your steps

Wishing many bright future in your life.

 

Happy Roop Chaturdarshi/Narak Chaturdarshi From Gramophone team

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Happy Dhanteras

04/11/2018Posted on

May goddess Laxmi bless your business,

To do well inspite of all odds.

The enduring charms of

Gold and diamonds.

Happy dhanteras From Gramophone team

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Major Diseases and Their Control Measures of Wheat

30/10/2018Posted on

Major Diseases and Their Control Measures of Wheat:-

Rust is major disease of wheat crop and there are 4 types of rust found in wheat i.e. Yellow Rust (Strip Rust), Leaf Rust (Brown Rust), Black Rust (Stem Rust).

Symptom-

 

  • Yellow Rust (Strip Rust) :- Stripe rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis. It is easily distinguished from other wheat rusts by the orange-yellow spores, which produce small, closely packed pustules developing into stripes along the length of the leaf veins. The spores occur on the upper surface of the leaves, the leaf sheaths, awns and inside of the glumes.
  • Favourable Condition:- Stripe rust requires cool and wet conditions to infect the crop. Free moisture on the leaves and an optimal temperature (10-15°C) are required for infection. Pustules erupt within 10-14 days after infection. The disease can cause up to 25% yield loss.
  • Leaf Rust (Brown Rust):- Leaf rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia triticinia. The disease can also infect rye and triticale. Leaf rust produces reddish-orange coloured spores which occur in small, 1.5 mm, circular to oval-shaped pustules. These are found on the top surface of the leaves, distinguishing leaf rust from stem rust which is found on both surfaces of the leaf.
  • Favourable Condition:- The spores require 15 to 20º C temperature and free moisture (dew/rain/irrigation) on the leaves to successfully infect wheat. The first signs of the disease (sporulation) occur 10-14 days after infection. Removal of volunteer wheat plants, which forms a green bridge for the fungus through the summer, can eliminate or delay the onset of leaf rust.
  • Black Rust (Stem Rust):- Stem rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. In addition to wheat it can also attack barley, rye and triticale. Stem rust produces reddish-brown spore masses in oval, elongated or spindle-shaped pustules on the stems and leaves.Unlike leaf rust, pustules erupt through both sides of the leaves. Ruptured pustules release masses of stem rust spores, which are disseminated by wind and other carriers.
  • Favourable Condition:- Stem rust develops at higher temperatures than the other wheat rusts within a range of 18-30°C. Spores require free moisture (dew, rain or irrigation) and take up to six hours to infect the plant and pustules can be seen after 10-20 days of infection.

 

Management:-

  • Destroy volunteer wheat plants.
  • Crop rotation is very important in the case of yellow spot.
  • Growing resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly way of disease reduction.
  • During the growing season active crop monitoring is very important for an early detection of diseases.
  • Avoid repeated use of fungicides with the same active ingredient.
  • Spray Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP 320 gm/acre or Propiconazole 25% EC 240 ml/Acre.

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