Post Calving Challenges In Milk Cattles

30/11/2018Posted on

Post Calving Challenges:-

  • Reduced Dry Matter intake:- Before and during calving, cows do not eat or drink, But during calving cow can lose up to 50 Litre of water and electrolytes due to this, cow becomes inactive and reduces dry matter intake.
  • Rapid increase in calcium demand:- Colostrum and milk contains large quantities of calcium, so after Calvin demand increases.
  • Negative Energy Balance:- After Calving most of cows enter into a state of negative energy balance.

For Quick Recovery :

  • Transmix helps to reduce chances of metabolic disorders like milk fever and ketosis.
  • Transmix eases the calving stress.
  • Transmix wanes the chances of retained placenta and metritis.
  • Transmix helps to improve immunity.
  • Transmix optimizes milk production.

Dosage of Transmix:  

  • Drench 500ml after parturition and repeat the same quantity 48-72 hours after first drench.

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Management of Powdery mildew in Peas

26/11/2018Posted on

Powdery Mildew of Pea:-

Symptoms-

  • Firstly on old leaves and then others parts.
  • Formation of powder on both surface of leaves.
  • Later formation of powdery spots on tendrils, pod etc. White power on plant surface. The fruits do not either set or remain very small.
  • Later stage, powdery growth also covers the pod making them not suitable for marketing.

Management-

  • Avoid late sowing.
  • Use resistant varieties like- Arka Ajit, PSM-5, Jawahar Pea- 4 JP-83, JRS-14,
  • Foliar spray of wettable sulphur 50% WP @ 3 gm/litre of water or Dinocap 48% EC 2 ml/ litre of water three time at 10 days interval.

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Control of Fruit Rot in Brinjal

23/11/2018Posted on

Control of Fruit Rot in Brinjal:-

Symptoms

  • Phytophthora rot occurs when fruits are in contact with the soil or mycelia grows through the peduncle into the fruit.
  • infected fruit tissue is water-soaked and dark-green at first; later white mycelium and sporangia develop on the surface of the affected area and, within several days, consume the entire fruit.
  • Fruit affected by these fungi dry rapidly and shrivel but do not drop.

Control

  • Remove and destroy of the affected fruits.
  • spraying the crop with Mancozeb 75% WP @ 400 Gm/Acre or Zineb 75% WP@ 400 Gm/acre or Captan 70% + Hexaconazole 5% WP at an interval of 10 days.

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Management of pod borer in Gram(Chickpea)

22/11/2018Posted on

Pod borer in Gram (Chickpea): –Pod borer is a pest that causes heavy damage to chickpea. In fact, this pest is reported to have caused yield loss up to 21%. The pest is reported to cause about 50 to 60%  damage to the chick pods. Apart from chickpea the pest also attacks pigeon pea, sunflower, cotton, chilli, sorghum, groundnut, tomato and other agricultural and horticultural crops. It is a devastating pest that attacks pulses and oilseeds.

Infestation: The infestation starts usually a fortnight after germination and becomes serious just after the initiation of flower bud coupled with cloudy and humid weather. Female lay several small white eggs. Upon hatching in 3-4 days the caterpillars feed on the leaves for a short time and subsequently attack the pods. A full-grown caterpillar is about 34 mm long, greenish to brownish in colour with scattered, short, white hair and buries itself in the soil to make an earthen cell inside which it pupates. The life cycle is completed in about 30-45 days. The pest completes eight generations in a year.

Management:-  It is advised to plough in summer to expose the hidden stages of the pest to natural predators. Application of HaNPV at the rate of 100 LE per acre along with 0.5 % jaggery and 0.1% boric acid specifically at the egg hatch stage should be done and it should be repeated in 15-20 days. Use of accurate chemicals should comprise 2.00 ml profenophos 50 EC per litre of water. Use of pheromone traps at 4-5 traps/ ha. spraying neem seed kernel extract 5% in the early stage. If the infestation is severe, spraying 0.5 ml Indoxacarb 14.5% SC or 0.1 ml Spinosad 45 SC or 2.5 ml Chlorpyriphos 20 EC can be helpful. Use of 4-5 bird perches to attract birds and sowing bhendi or marigold around the field as trap crops are the most effective way to deal with this pest.

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Management of Late blight in Potato

19/11/2018Posted on

Management Late blight in Potato

  • Late blight is the major disease in Potato crop.
  • This disease is caused by a fungus called Phytophthora infestans.
  • This disease damages leaves, stems and tubers. The disease first appears as water soaked, light brown lesions on the leaf blade.
  • The lesions turn dark brown, dry and brittle after the infected leaf tissues die. In humid atmosphere, the growth of the fungus can be seen on lower side of these spots as whitish cottony growth.
  • The spots turn black as the affected leaves start rotting. Severe infections cause all foliage to rot, dry out and fall to the ground, stems to dry out and plants to die.
  • The tubers under the ground also decay before harvest. On tubers, greenish sunken areas may be seen.
  • To control Late blight of potato, spraying of Mancozeb 75% WP@ 50 Gm/ 15 litre water or Copper oxychloride 50% WP @ 50 Gm/15 litre water or Metalaxy + Mancozeb @ 50 Gm/ 15 Litre water should be done.

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Vaccination For Dairy Animals

17/11/2018Posted on

Vaccination For Dairy Animals:-

Sl. No Name of Disease Age at first dose Booster dose Subsequent dose
1 Foot and Mouth

Disease (FMD)

 4 months and  above 1 month after first dose Six monthly
2 Haemorrhagic

Septicaemia (HS)

 6 months and  above – Annually in endemic areas.
3 Black Quarter (BQ) 6 months and  above – Annually in endemic areas.
4 Brucellosis 4-8 months of age

(Only female calves)

 – Once in a lifetime
5 Theileriosis 3 months of age and above – Once in a lifetime. Only required for crossbred and exotic cattle.
6 Anthrax 4 months and  above – Annually in endemic areas.
7 IBR 3 months and  above 1 month after first dose Six monthly (vaccine presently not produced in India)
8 Rabies (Post bite therapy only) Immediately after suspected bite. 4th day 7,14,28 and 90 (optional) days after first dose.

Source : NDDB Handbook of Good Dairy Husbandry Practices

Points to be noted

  • Animals should be in good health at the time of vaccination. Do not vaccinate animals which are already in stress (Like bad weather, Scarcity of fodder & water, Disease outbreaks, after transportation etc.)
  • Try to deworm animals & remove ecto-parasites one to two weeks prior to vaccination.
  • Strictly follow vaccination schedule after consultation with veterinary experts.
  • Keep records of vaccination for name of vaccine manufacturing company, Batch number, Expiry date, Dose & route of vaccine.
  • Maintain cold chain for vaccines which may have to keep for 2-8 degree Celsius temperature.
  • Create stress free environment for animals after vaccination.

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Greening in Potato Tubers

17/11/2018Posted on

Greening in Potato Tubers –

  • This is a physiological response that occurs when tubers are exposed to light.
  • If plants in the field are not hilled properly so that the upper portions of tubers are exposed to light, these exposed portions will turn green.
  • If harvested potatoes are stored in the home under low levels of light, the tubers will turn pale green.
  • Tubers which turn green produce solanin chemical which imparts a bitter taste to the cooked potatoes.

Precautions –

  • Excessively green potatoes should not be consumed.
  • Greening can be prevented by hilling up around plants to prevent exposure to light.
  • Storing the harvested crop in the dark.
  • If the home storage area is not completely dark, provide dark by storing in paper bags to allow air movement.

 

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Drip irrigation a Boon

16/11/2018Posted on

Drip irrigation a Boon-

Availability of water for the successful production of a good crop is an important factor. Due to the ever-increasing population and climate change, the quantity of water available in the ground is decreasing, due to which the production of crops is constantly decreasing. Drip irrigation was invented to solve this problem which has proved to be a boon for farmers. In this method, water is transported directly from the sources of plastic pipes to the roots of plants.

Advantages of Drip Irrigation –

  • Saves 60-70% of water compared to other irrigation systems.
  • Drip irrigation helps plants to provide nutrients with greater efficiency.
  • Drip irrigation can prevent losses of water (due to evaporation and leakage).
  • Water in drip irrigation is given directly in the crop roots. Due to which the surrounding soil becomes dry, weeds cannot be grown.

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Prevention/Control/Treatment of Mastitis

14/11/2018Posted on

Prevention/Control/Treatment of Mastitis:-

Prevention:-

  • A good milking routine is vital.

 

  • This usually consists of applying a pre-milking teat dip or spray, such as an iodine spray, and wiping teats dry prior to milking.
  • The milking machine is then applied.
  • After milking, the teats can be cleaned again to remove any growth medium for bacteria.
  • A post-milking product such as iodine-propylene glycol dip is used as a disinfectant and a barrier between the open teat and the bacteria in the air.
  • Mastitis can occur after milking because the teat holes close after 15 minutes if the animal sits in a dirty place with feces and urine

    Control

  • Practices such as good nutrition, proper milking hygiene, and the culling of chronically infected cows can help.
  • Ensuring that cows have clean, dry bedding decreases the risk of infection and transmission.
  • Dairy workers should wear rubber gloves while milking, and machines should be cleaned regularly to decrease the incidence of transmission.

    Treatment

  • Treatment is possible with long-acting antibiotics, but milk from such cows is not marketable until drug residues have left the cow’s system.
  • Antibiotics may be systemic (injected into the body), or they may be forced upwards into the teat through the teat canal (intramammary infusion).
  • Cows being treated may be marked with tape to alert dairy workers, and their milk is syphoned off and discarded.
  • To determine whether the levels of antibiotic residuals are within regulatory requirements, special tests exist.
  • Vaccinations for mastitis are available, but as they only reduce the severity of the condition, and cannot prevent recurring infections, they should be used in conjunction with a mastitis prevention program.  

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Mastitis Disease in Dairy Cattle

13/11/2018Posted on

Mastitis Disease in Dairy Cattle:-

  • This disease can be identified by abnormalities in the udder such as swelling, heat, redness, hardness, or pain (if it is clinical). Other indications of mastitis may be abnormalities in milk such as a watery appearance, flakes, or clots. When infected with sub-clinical mastitis, a cow does not show any visible signs of infection or abnormalities in milk or on the udder.
  • Cattle affected by mastitis can be detected by examining the udder for inflammation and swelling, or by observing the consistency of the milk, which will often develop clots or change color when a cow is infected.

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