September 2019 – Gramophone

Damping off disease in Onion

High soil moisture and moderate temperature along with high humidity, especially in the rainy season led to the development of the disease.
Pre-emergence damping off results in seed and seedling rot before these emerge out of the soil.
Post-emergence damping-off results in pathogen attack the collar region of seedlings on the surface of the soil.
The collar portion rots and ultimately the seedling collapse and die.
Healthy seeds should be selected for sowing.
Spray of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% or Thiaphanate methyl 70% WP @ 50 gm/Pump.

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3-4 kg seed is sufficient for raising seedlings for one acre, accommodating 40-44 beds of 3m X 0.6m size each.
For broadcasting directly in the field or sowing in the rows, 6-8 kg seeds are enough for an acre.
For multiplier onions, 4-5 quintal bulblets are required for planting one acre.

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Proper water management so that there is no excess moisture on the soil surface.
Saaf (Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP) @ 300-400 gm/acre or
Ridomil gold (Metalaxyl 4%+ Mancozeb 64% WP) @ 300-400 gm/acre.
Amistar (Azoxystrobin 23%Sc) @ 200 ml/acre.
Netivo (Tebuconazole50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%WG) can be sprayed @120 gm/acre.
Follow the crop cycle and keep the field clean.

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The stem shows dark brown, depressed lesions which later develop downy growth of the fungus.
On leaves, purplish-brown spots appear on the under surface followed by the appearance of downy growth on such lesions.
It causes damage to curd, producing curd-rot.

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Field sanitation is important. Also, seeds must be obtained from disease-free plants.
The nursery should be raised on the soil where chilies were not grown for several years.

Spray of Streptomycin Sulphate IP 90%W/W+Tetracycline Hydrochloride IP 10%W/W @ 20 gm per acre OR
Kasugamycin 3% SL @ 30 ml per acre OR
Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP @ 250 gm per acre.

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The leaves exhibit small, circular or irregular, dark brown or black greasy spots. As the spots enlarge in size, the center becomes lighter surrounded by a dark band of tissue.
The spots coalesce to form irregular lesions. Severely affected leaves become chlorotic and fall off. Petioles and stems are also affected.
Stem infection leads to the formation of cankerous growth and wilting of branches. On the fruits, round, raised water-soaked spots with a pale yellow border are produced.
The spots turn brown developing a depression in the center wherein shiny droplets of bacterial ooze may be observed.

Onion is a cool season vegetable and grows well under mild climate without extreme heat or cold or excessive rainfall.
It does not thrive when the average rainfall exceeds 75-100 cm during Mansoon period.
The ideal temperature for vegetative growth is 12.8-23°C.
For bulb formation, it requires long days and high temperature (20-25°C).
A dry atmosphere is favourable when it comes to maturity of the bulbs.

Soil:-

Onion can be grown in all types of soil.
Deep friable loam and alluvial soil are best for its successful production.
Good drainage, free from weeds and presence of organic matter favour production of good crop.
It is sensitive to high acidity and alkalinity and the ideal pH is 5.8 to 6.5.

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26/09/2019

Suitable climate for Garlic Cultivation:

Garlic is grown under wide range of climate condition.
However, if cannot withstand too hot and cool temperature it requires cool and moist climate during vegetative growth and bulb development stages but warm dry weather during maturity.
In general, cool growing period result in higher yield than warm condition.
Exposure of young plant to 20°C or lower temperature for 1-2 months depending upon the variety hastens subsequent bulbing plant that are not exposed to such climate condition may fail to produce bulb or produce smaller bulbs.
However, longer exposure to low temperature may produce bulb in the axis of the leaves which reduce the bulb yield the critical day length for or bulbing is 10-12 hours for short day garlic and 13-14 hours for long day garlic.

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Raised beds are necessary to avoid the problem of waterlogging in heavy soils.
In sandy soils, however, sowing can be taken up in flatbeds.
Raised beds of size 3 x 1 m and 10-15 cm in height are prepared.
About 70 cm distance is kept between two beds to carry out operations of watering, weeding, etc.
The surface of the beds should be smooth and well leveled. Well-decomposed FYM or leaf mold may be mixed with the soil at the time of bed preparation.
To avoid mortality of seedlings due to damping off, the drenching of the beds with Mancozeb 75% WP @400-600 gm/acre, is effective.

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