Gram Salah – Page 665

What’s the Symptoms of Downy Mildew in Cauliflower:-

The stem shows dark brown, depressed lesions which later develop downy growth of the fungus.
On leaves, purplish-brown spots appear on the under surface followed by the appearance of downy growth on such lesions.
It causes damage to curd, producing curd-rot.

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Field sanitation is important. Also, seeds must be obtained from disease-free plants.
The nursery should be raised on the soil where chilies were not grown for several years.

Spray of Streptomycin Sulphate IP 90%W/W+Tetracycline Hydrochloride IP 10%W/W @ 20 gm per acre OR
Kasugamycin 3% SL @ 30 ml per acre OR
Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP @ 250 gm per acre.

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The leaves exhibit small, circular or irregular, dark brown or black greasy spots. As the spots enlarge in size, the center becomes lighter surrounded by a dark band of tissue.
The spots coalesce to form irregular lesions. Severely affected leaves become chlorotic and fall off. Petioles and stems are also affected.
Stem infection leads to the formation of cankerous growth and wilting of branches. On the fruits, round, raised water-soaked spots with a pale yellow border are produced.
The spots turn brown developing a depression in the center wherein shiny droplets of bacterial ooze may be observed.

Onion is a cool season vegetable and grows well under mild climate without extreme heat or cold or excessive rainfall.
It does not thrive when the average rainfall exceeds 75-100 cm during Mansoon period.
The ideal temperature for vegetative growth is 12.8-23°C.
For bulb formation, it requires long days and high temperature (20-25°C).
A dry atmosphere is favourable when it comes to maturity of the bulbs.

Soil:-

Onion can be grown in all types of soil.
Deep friable loam and alluvial soil are best for its successful production.
Good drainage, free from weeds and presence of organic matter favour production of good crop.
It is sensitive to high acidity and alkalinity and the ideal pH is 5.8 to 6.5.

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26/09/2019

Suitable climate for Garlic Cultivation:

Garlic is grown under wide range of climate condition.
However, if cannot withstand too hot and cool temperature it requires cool and moist climate during vegetative growth and bulb development stages but warm dry weather during maturity.
In general, cool growing period result in higher yield than warm condition.
Exposure of young plant to 20°C or lower temperature for 1-2 months depending upon the variety hastens subsequent bulbing plant that are not exposed to such climate condition may fail to produce bulb or produce smaller bulbs.
However, longer exposure to low temperature may produce bulb in the axis of the leaves which reduce the bulb yield the critical day length for or bulbing is 10-12 hours for short day garlic and 13-14 hours for long day garlic.

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Raised beds are necessary to avoid the problem of waterlogging in heavy soils.
In sandy soils, however, sowing can be taken up in flatbeds.
Raised beds of size 3 x 1 m and 10-15 cm in height are prepared.
About 70 cm distance is kept between two beds to carry out operations of watering, weeding, etc.
The surface of the beds should be smooth and well leveled. Well-decomposed FYM or leaf mold may be mixed with the soil at the time of bed preparation.
To avoid mortality of seedlings due to damping off, the drenching of the beds with Mancozeb 75% WP @400-600 gm/acre, is effective.

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Collect and destroy infested fruits.
To prevent egg-laying, fly traps(pheromone trap) can be set up in the field with 1% Methyl Eugenol or Citronella oil or Vinegar or Dextrose or Acetic acid or Lactic acid.
Cover developing fruits with paper or polythene cover immediately after anthesis pollination.
Maize plants grown in rows at a distance of 8-10 cm in the field is effective as flies rest on such tall plants.
Deep plowing to expose hibernating stages.
spray dichlorvos 76% EC 250 to 500ml/acre or
Lambda Cyhalothrin 4.9%CS @ 200 ml/acre. or
Profenofos 40%EC + Cypermethrin 4 %EC @ 400 ml/acre

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The maggot burrows into the fruits and sucks the sap.
Infested fruits decay and drop.
They fly mainly prefer tender fruits for egg-laying.
Ovipositional punctures caused by adults also cause injury on fruits and fruit juices oozes out.
This also results in distorted and malformed.
The maggots feed on the pulp of fruits as well as on the immature seeds and cause premature dropping of fruits.

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The affected plants have to be uprooted and destroyed to prevent the spread of the disease.
For effective control of aphid fortnightly spray of acephate 75 % SP @ 300- 400 gm / acre or
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 100 ml /acre or
acetamiprid 20% SP @ 150-200 gm/ acre.

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