Gramophone – Page 680

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Adults are dark metallic green in color.
Pea leaves are attacked by Maggots which makes prominent whitish zigzag lines in the leaves.
The growth is stunted. The flowering and fruiting capacity of infested plants is adversely affected.

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Treat the seed with Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2.5 gm/kg.
Spray Mancozeb 75% WP @ 400 gm/acre or chlorothalonil 75% WP @ 300 gm/acre at 10 days intervals.

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Different types of symptoms are observed on leaves, petioles, stem, and fruits.
On young fruits, numerous water-soaked depressed oval spots appear, which coalesce covering large areas.
Under humid conditions, pink masses of spores can be seen in the center of these spots.
Pink gummy exudation may also be seen on lesions due to the exudation of spores.
Vines have brownish specks that grow into angular to circular spots.
The girdling of the affected portion leads to blight symptoms.

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Initially, the plants show temporary wilting symptoms which become permanent and progressive.
The leaves of the affected plants show yellowing.
Eventually, the plants die.
The fungus invades the root system and colonizes the vascular symptoms.
In doing so, water movement is blocked and toxins from the fungus alter normal cell function.
Cutting the base of the stem revel a dark woody portion.

Management

Continuous cultivation of okra on the same piece of land should be avoided.
Seed treatment with Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% @ 2-3 g/kg of seed OR Thiophanate Methyl 45% + Pyraclostrobin 5% FS @ 2 g/kg of seed.
spray and drenching with Thiophanate methyl 70% WP @ 400 g/acre.
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 200 ml/acre.
RFor bio management, apply Trichoderma viridae for soil application and foliar spray. It controls all types of fungal infections in the crop.

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Remove and destroy of the affected fruits.
spraying the crop with Mancozeb 75% WP @ 400 Gm/Acre or Zineb 75% WP@ 400 Gm/acre or Captan 70% + Hexaconazole 5% WP at an interval of 10 days.

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Symptoms

Phytophthora rot occurs when fruits are in contact with the soil or mycelia grows through the peduncle into the fruit.
infected fruit tissue is water-soaked and dark-green at first; later white mycelium and sporangia develop on the surface of the affected area and, within several days, consume the entire fruit.
Fruit affected by these fungi dry rapidly and shrivel but do not drop.

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Both adults and immatures feed on the young leaves and between the layers in cloves of Garlic and Onion. Leaves do not open completely.
The whole plant shows stunting, twisting, curling, and yellow mottling. Mottling is seen mostly on the edges of the leaves.
Acaricides like Sulphur 80% WP@ 3 Gm per liter of water gives effective control of mites.
Twice spraying of Propargite 57% EC @ 400 ml/Acre in 7 days interval helps in controlling the pest in the initial stage.

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Symptoms-

Firstly on old leaves and then other parts.
Formation of powder on both surfaces of leaves.
The later formation of powdery spots on tendrils, pods, etc. White power on the plant surface. The fruits do not either set or remain very small.
Later stage, powdery growth also covers the pod making them not suitable for marketing.

Management-

Avoid late sowing.
Use resistant varieties like- Arka Ajit, PSM-5, Jawahar Pea- 4 JP-83, JRS-14,
Foliar spray of wettable sulfur 50% WP @ 3 gm/liter of water or Dinocap 48% EC 2 ml/liter of water three times at 10 days interval.

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Gram should be treated with carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% or Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% at the rate of 2 gm per kg seed before sowing avoids fungal diseases like root rot, Collar rot and damping off.

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