Black mold is the most important post-harvest disease in the summer season. This disease is common wherever onion and garlic are stored.
Symptoms:
Black mold is commonly seen in the maturity stage of garlic. The symptoms of this disease appear in the form of black powder between the garlic buds and on the nodes. Due to this, the price of garlic starts decreasing in the market. Also, the storage of affected bales cannot be kept for a long time.
Prevention:
Before storing garlic, clean and dry the cloves thoroughly.
Keep only well-matured, firm and healthy tubers for storage.
The place of storage should be moisture free and well-ventilated.
Tubers should not be piled in the storage area. Apart from this, tie the tubers in bunches with leaves and hang them on the ropes. Also, keep it filled in bamboo baskets.
Rotten tubers should be removed from time to time.
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Instead of burning the crop residues, after ploughing these crop residues with the help of a rotavator, apply water, due to which the crop residues mix with the soil. Mixing crop residues in the field gives many benefits along with increasing the fertility of the land.
Benefits of mixing crop residues in the field
Farmers can take advantage of organic farming by mixing crop residues in the field with the help of rotavator.
Biodiversity is maintained by mixing crop residues in the field itself. The beneficial insects present in the ground eat and destroy the harmful insects. The amount of organic matter in the soil increases, due to which crop production is more.
By mixing the residues of pulse crops in the soil, the amount of nitrogen increases, which also increases crop production.
Instead of burning the crop residue, the farmers will make fodder for their animals by keeping it as straw, on the one hand, they can also increase their income by selling the extra straw.
How to manage crop residue
Crop residues can be collected for animal feed or industrial management.
Paddy straw can be used for animal feed by treating it with urea/calcium hydroxide.
In the field with the help of straw belling machines, crop residues can be made into blocks and stored in less space, which can be used as animal feed.
By running a reaper machine on wheat straw we can make chaff.
The use of crop residues is also helpful in mushroom cultivation.
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Citrus Psylla: Both adults and nymphs of this insect suck the sap from buds, leaves, and soft parts of branches and inject poisonous substances into them. Nymphs excrete a white crystalline substance, on which black sooty mold may develop, which reduces the photosynthetic area of plants. In heavy infestation, the leaves become deformed and curl upwards. Also, this insect becomes a vector for spreading citrus greening disease.
Management: To control pests as soon as an infestation is visible, spray Thianova 25 (Thiamethoxam 25 %WG) @ 40 gm per acre or Media (Imidacloprid 17.80 % SL) @ 20 ml per acre
Citrus Leaf Miner: This pest causes damage to both the nursery and the orchid. insect attacks the tender leaves and eats the leaves by making spiral lines on the leaves. Affected leaves become discoloured light yellow and fall down. The infestation of this pest promotes the development of citrus canker disease.
Management: All the affected parts of the plants should be pruned to control this pest. In case of an increase in infestation spray Media (Imidacloprid 17.80 % SL) @ 20 ml or Profenova Super (Profenofos 40 % + Cypermethrin 4 % EC) @ 2 ml per litre of water.
Aphids: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the tender leaves and branches. Affected leaves turn yellow, dry, deformed, and dry up. Plant growth stops. Sooty mold is produced on the honeydew excreted by the aphid. If the infection occurs at the time of flowering, it results in less fruit set. Also, it plays the role of a vector for citrus tristeza virus.
Management:To control it as soon as the infestation appears spray, Tafgor (Dimethoate 30% EC) @ 594 ml per acre or Media (Imidacloprid 17.80 % SL) @ 20 ml/ acre.
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For making silage, the pit should be 6 feet deep and 5 feet wide. A silage pit which is 10 feet in length, 5 feet in width and 6 feet in depth can accommodate about 45 quintals of green fodder. The place where the pit should be made should be high and sloping so that rainwater does not enter inside. The walls of the pit should be absolutely straight, and flat and the corners should be round. The walls and floor of the raw pit should be well plastered with soil before filling the fodder so that there is no way for air to enter from it. Silage can get moldy if air enters it. Before filling green fodder, lay straw, chaff or straw in the pit. Put chaff or straw between the wall and the fodder so that the fodder and the wall do not remain in direct contact. Fill the fodder little by little in the pit by pressing it with the feet so that no air remains between the fodder. The pit should be 2-3 feet high from the ground. To close the mouth of the pit, cover it with a plastic sheet and press its edges well with soil so that air cannot enter inside the sheet. Silage is ready in about two months.
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Garlic crops get fully ripe in 130 to 180 days. When the crop is fully matured, the leaves of the crop start turning yellow and dry up and fall down. Along with this, due to the weakening of the hold of the plants around the tuber, the ripening of the crop can also be predicted.
Keep these things in mind while digging garlic
Irrigation should be stopped completely at the stage of maturity and digging should be started after a few days.
If the hold of the garlic crop on the soil is weak, it can be dug by hand or by using a spade.
While digging with a hoe, do not let the tip of the spade touch the root.
Allow the garlic to dry in the field along with the leaves.
Keep it in the sun according to the moisture present in the garlic. Too much moisture or too much sunlight can spoil the crop.
For longer storage, cut garlic with 2 to 3 cm of the stalk.
When adequate storage facilities are available, keep garlic in bundles with leaves.
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Seed treatment in moong crops can easily control seed-borne and soil-borne diseases and also increase the germination of the crop. Seed treatment is usually done in 3 ways, which we call the ‘FIR’ method.
Fungicide: The first fungicide used in seed treatment. It is used for the prevention of fungal diseases in the ground or at the time of seed germination.
For seed treatment with fungicide, use Carmanova (Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63 % WP) @ 2.5 gm per kg of seed.
Insecticide: It should be used after fungicide. Seed treatment with insecticide helps in the prevention of insects found inside the ground or sucking insects like aphids or white flies which are found in the initial stage of the crop.
For seed treatment with insecticide, use Thianova Super (Thiamethoxam 30% FS) @ 4-5 ml per kg of seed.
Rhizobium: It should be used after insecticide. Rhizobium It is a bacterium, which lives as a symbiotic in the roots of moong plants, and forms nodules in the roots of plants, due to which atmospheric nitrogen is easily available in the soil, which can be used by the plant at any stage.
For seed treatment with Rhizobium, use Jaiv Vatika (Rhizobium) @ 5 grams per kg of seed.
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These insects are greenish-yellow. Its infants and adults suck the sap by staying on the lower surface of the leaves. Its outbreak occurs from March to September. The leaves turn yellow due to the sucking of the sap, and the edges turn upwards to form a cup. On heavy infestation, the leaves burn and wither and dry up.
Control:
Before sowing the seeds, treat them with Thianova Super (Thiamethoxam 30% FS) @ 5 ml per kg of seed.
If a problem is observed in standing crops, spray Thianova-25 ( Thiamethoxam 25% WG) @ 80 gm in 150-200 litres of water per acre.
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Pest Identification: The adult insect is pale yellow in colour and the very small legless maggot is orange-yellow in colour. Pupation takes place in the tunnel.
Symptom: The nymphs of this insect feed on the green part of the leaves and make crooked white tunnels in them, and a white spiral line appears on the affected leaves. Due to this, the photosynthesis of plants decreases. In case of severe infestation, the leaves dry up and fall down.
Control: Remove and destroy the infected leaves. And for control spray, Tafgor (Dimethoate 30 EC) @ 396 ml/acre or Media (Imidacloprid 17.80 % SL) @ 60 ml/acre followed by Novamaxx (Gibberellic acid 0.001 % L) @ 30 ml per acre after 2 days.
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Verticillium lecanii is an organic insecticide based on fungus. Verticillium lecanii is available in formulations of 1% WP, and 1.15% WP. The use of this fungus is beneficial for the prevention of sap-sucking insects like aphids, thrips, jassids, mealybugs etc. in different types of crops.
Verticillium lecanii is a white cotton-like fungus. White fungal growth is visible on the sides of infected insects. The spores of the fungus Verticillium lecanii are somewhat sticky in nature. Due to this, they stick to the upper cover of insects. Chemical fungicide should not be used 15 days before and after the use of Verticillium lecanii Self life of Verticillium lecanii is one year.
Method of use
The quantity of its spraying depends on the crop density and the tree. If there is a repeated outbreak of sucking insects in any crop, then Verticillium lacani should be used at an interval of 15 to 20 days, and in greenhouse crops, it is recommended to use it at an interval of 10 to 15 days.
Verticillium lecanii can be used in combination with neem and other organic insecticides and fungicides, but do not mix it with any chemical fungicide.
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