May goddess Laxmi bless your business,
To do well inspite of all odds.
The enduring charms of
Gold and diamonds.
Happy dhanteras From Gramophone team
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Major Diseases and Their Control Measures of Wheat
Major Diseases and Their Control Measures of Wheat:-
Rust is major disease of wheat crop and there are 4 types of rust found in wheat i.e. Yellow Rust (Strip Rust), Leaf Rust (Brown Rust), Black Rust (Stem Rust).
Symptom-
- Yellow Rust (Strip Rust) :- Stripe rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis. It is easily distinguished from other wheat rusts by the orange-yellow spores, which produce small, closely packed pustules developing into stripes along the length of the leaf veins. The spores occur on the upper surface of the leaves, the leaf sheaths, awns and inside of the glumes.
- Favourable Condition:- Stripe rust requires cool and wet conditions to infect the crop. Free moisture on the leaves and an optimal temperature (10-15°C) are required for infection. Pustules erupt within 10-14 days after infection. The disease can cause up to 25% yield loss.
- Leaf Rust (Brown Rust):- Leaf rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia triticinia. The disease can also infect rye and triticale. Leaf rust produces reddish-orange coloured spores which occur in small, 1.5 mm, circular to oval-shaped pustules. These are found on the top surface of the leaves, distinguishing leaf rust from stem rust which is found on both surfaces of the leaf.
- Favourable Condition:- The spores require 15 to 20º C temperature and free moisture (dew/rain/irrigation) on the leaves to successfully infect wheat. The first signs of the disease (sporulation) occur 10-14 days after infection. Removal of volunteer wheat plants, which forms a green bridge for the fungus through the summer, can eliminate or delay the onset of leaf rust.
- Black Rust (Stem Rust):- Stem rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. In addition to wheat it can also attack barley, rye and triticale. Stem rust produces reddish-brown spore masses in oval, elongated or spindle-shaped pustules on the stems and leaves.Unlike leaf rust, pustules erupt through both sides of the leaves. Ruptured pustules release masses of stem rust spores, which are disseminated by wind and other carriers.
- Favourable Condition:- Stem rust develops at higher temperatures than the other wheat rusts within a range of 18-30°C. Spores require free moisture (dew, rain or irrigation) and take up to six hours to infect the plant and pustules can be seen after 10-20 days of infection.
Management:-
- Destroy volunteer wheat plants.
- Crop rotation is very important in the case of yellow spot.
- Growing resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly way of disease reduction.
- During the growing season active crop monitoring is very important for an early detection of diseases.
- Avoid repeated use of fungicides with the same active ingredient.
- Spray Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP 320 gm/acre or Propiconazole 25% EC 240 ml/Acre.
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ShareSuitable Climate and Soil Condition For Bottle Gourd
Suitable Climate and Soil Condition For Bottle Gourd:-
Climate-
- Bottle gourd is a subtropical vegetable and requires hot and humid climatic condition for its fast growth and higher yield.
- Slight wet to semi dry ecological condition is suitable for this crop.
- Night and day temperature of 18-22°C and 30-35°C respectively is optimum for its proper growth and high fruit set.
- The seed germination is fast at the temperature range of 25-30°C.
- The crop grown at optimum temperature has higher proportion of female flower and fruit/plant.
Soil-
- Bottle gourd can be grown on all types of the soil if it is not too much acidic or saline and alkaline.
- Loam or sandy loam soil is most suitable for bottle guards.
- The soil should be rich in organic matter and with good drainage.
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Share“Neemastra” A Bio-Insecticides
Neemastra- It is a very effective biological insecticide, which is used for controlling the sucking pest and caterpillar.
Method-
First, put 5 kg of neem leaves and 5 kg of neem fruit in a plastic basket, and add 5 litres cow urine and 1 kg cow dung. Mix well all these ingredients with wooden stick and keep them covered with net. This solution will be ready after 48 hours. After this, add 100 litres water in neemastra and it can be used as insecticide.
Advantage-
- No harmful for humans, environments and crops.
- Improvement of the structure of the land due to its biological decomposition.
- It’s effected on harmful insects and safe for beneficial insects.
- It is a good and cheap solution for the farmers.
- Use of biological pesticides will not developed to tolerance and resistance in pests / diseases, while the use of many chemical insecticides is creating resistance in insects, due to which their use is becoming unusable.
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ShareHappy Dussehara
Happy Dussehara :-
Dasha hara is a Sanskrit word which means removal of ten bad qualities within you: Ego, Cruelty, Injustice, Lust, Anger, Greed, Over pride, Jealousy, Addiction, Selfishness Hence, also Known as “Vijaydashami” signifying Vijaya over these ten bad qualities.
Happy Dussehara from Gramophone Team.
ShareHappy Navratri
May Goddess Durga illuminate your life with countless blessings|
Happy Navratri From Gramophone Team.
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ShareCaring of Dairy Cow after Calving
Caring of Dairy Cow after Calving:-
After calving is a critical period for dairy cows!
There is high demand of energy and nutrients on the body of the animal to synthesize colostrum and milk. At the same time there is decrease in feed intake which leads to negative energy balance (NEB) and micro-nutrient deficiencies.
Therefore, just after calving it’s important to take good care of cows for better health, milk production and reproduction. Some key points to take care of fresh cows are:
- Monitor cows frequently to make sure that they are free from metabolic diseases like milk fever and ketosis.
(Some signs of Milk fever are tremors, ear twitching, dullness, dry muzzle, low body temperature and recumbency, bloat and loss of consciousness.)
(Sweet smelling breath and urine, fever, weight loss etc. indicate towards ketosis)
- Do not house fresh cows with sick cows
- Maintain a clean environment to prevent mastitis (fresh cows are prone to mastitis)
- Minimize stress to the cows. Keep them sheltered from extreme heat/cold and rains. Also keep the other animals like dog/cat/any other aggressive animal away from the fresh cow.
- Provide constant amount of fresh feed with appropriate feed additives/supplements to provide nutrients and encourage feed intake.
- Also, it’s important to ensure that they are consuming the feed, not sorting, and chewing their cud.
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ShareControl of Blight and Foot Rot in Pea Crop
Control of Blight and Foot Rot in Pea Crop:-
Symptoms:-
- Small, purple spots appear on leaves which may enlarge, turn brown and become zonate with a definite margin.
- Similar lesions also appear on the stem which elongate and coalesce causing browning or blackening of stem.
- On the pods, lesions are tan or brown in colour and irregular having a dark margin.
Control:-
- Use healthy seeds and treat them with Carbendazim+Mancozeb @ 250 Gm/ quintals seed before sowing.
- Spray infected crop with Mancozeb 75% @ 400 gm/Acre at flowering and afterwards at 10-15 days intervals .
- Remove diseased plants and destroy them.
- Maintain proper drainage.
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ShareNutrient Management in Wheat
Nutrient Management in Wheat:- Nutrients play an important role in the wheat production. Well rotted farmyard manure (FYM) or compost should be applied at the rate of 15 to 20 tons/ha. after every two years. The FYM and compost will keep the soil physical properties in good condition-
- Apply well rotten FYM compost 15-20 ton per hac.in every 2 year interval.
- Use 88 kg Urea, 160 Kg SSP and 40 kg MOP per Acre.
- Apply urea in below three doses.
- 44 kg quantity during seed sowing.
- 22 kg during the first irrigation.
- Remain 22 kg dose during second irrigation.
- If the full quantity of phosphorus is added in Kharif season, then add half the amount of phosphorus in Rabi.
- When you have minimum or two irrigation may be used 175:250:35-40 Kg/hac. quantity of Urea, SSP and MOP.
- Use full quantity of NPK at a time of basal dose on unirregated condition.
- If wheat sowing are done in mid-December, then 25% of the nitrogen should be reduced.
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ShareSoil Preparation and Sowing Time for Wheat
Soil Preparation and Sowing Time for Wheat:-
- One summer deep ploughing followed by two or three harrowing with disc or tines and two or three planking should be given to prepare a well pulverized seed bed.
- Suitable time of sowing
- Dryland:- Mid October to first week of November.
- Semi Irrigated:- First fortnightly of November.
- Irrigated :- Second fortnightly of November.
- Irrigated (Late):- Second fortnightly of December.
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