Gramophone – Page 53

Disadvantages of burning Sawdust/Chaff/Straw

22/02/2019

Open burning chaff as a method of disposal is worrisome as a result of the associated air pollutants and their effects on air quality and public health.
This also adversely affects the nutrient budget and beneficial microorganism in the soil.
Burning creates severe air pollution on and off farms. People are affected by smoke and polluted air in farming areas and hundreds of kilometers away from farms.
lose of essential moisture in field, Continuous burning of rice straw will lead to severe degradation of the soil in farmers’ fields.
Straw burning releases CO2 — a greenhouse gas — that will aggravate global warming and climate change.
Risk of fires spreading out of control.

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Picking depends upon the purpose for which they are used. Four maturity stages are generally identified.

Green stage: The mature green fruits are generally picked to send them to the distant market.
Pink Stage: At this stage, colour turns to pink or red at the blossom end. They are picked for local market.
Ripe stage: At this stage surface of most of the fruits is red and the softening of fruits begins.
Fully Ripe: At this stage, fruits have approached maximum colour development and are soft. Starch is charged into sugars. They are generally consumed or used for canning and processing.

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White to dirty gray spots or patches appear on leaves which become white powdery as they enlarge.
Fortnightly spray hexaconazole 5% SC @ 300 ml per acre or thiophanate methyl 70% WP @ 400 gm per acre.

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Water soaked lesions appear on undersurface of leaf lamina.
Angular spots appear on upper surface similar to water-soaked lesions.
Lesions appear first on the older leaves and progressively on the younger leaves.
As the lesions expand, they may remain yellow or become dry and brown.
Affected vines do not set fruit properly.
Plucking and destroy of affected leaves.
Spray with Mancozeb 75% WP @ 350-400 gm/acre or Chlorothalonil 75% WP @ 200-250 gm/ acre.
Crop rotation and sanitation reduces the severity of the disease.

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For Kharif season, use seed rate of 8-9 kg/acre whereas for summer season used seed rate of 12-15 kg/acre.

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The crop is harvested when the grains become hard and the straw becomes yellow dry and brittle.
Cereals are harvested at about 15 percent of the moisture in the grain.
Wheat should be yellow at the time of wheat harvest.
Wheat harvesting is done at 110-130 days after sowing.

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Fruits are ready for harvest in 90 to 120 days from sowing.
Ripe fruits, when thumped with fingers, give out heavy dull sound, whereas the immature fruits give metallic sound.
The change from white to cream or pale yellow of the skin area where the melon has been resting on the soil.
Shriveling of tendrils on nodes to which melons are attached.
Slight ribbing on surface of fruit can indicate maturity in some varieties.

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Green gram can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy loam to black cotton soils having good drainage capacity.
Saline and alkaline soils are not suitable for green gram cultivation.
Green gram is very sensitive to waterlogging conditions.

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Both adults and nymphs damage the crop lacerate the leaf tissue and suck the sap.
Tender shoots, buds, and flowers are attacked as a result they become twisted and deformed, upward curling of leaves.
Spray Dimethoate 30% EC @ 250 ml/acre or Profenophos 50% EC @ 400 ml/acre or Fipronil 5% SC @ 400 ml/acre at fortnightly interval.
Pesticide spraying should be changed at every 15 days interval.

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