Yellow Mosaic Disease in Okra/Bhindi

30/11/2019Posted on
  • This is the most important and destructive viral disease in bhindi.
  • The disease infects at all the stages of crop growth and severely reduces growth and yield.
  • The disease is transmitted by whitefly.
  • The characteristic symptoms of the disease are a homogenous interwoven network of yellow veins enclosing islands of green tissues.
  • Initially, infected leaves exhibit only yellow-colored veins but in the later stages, the entire leaf turns completely yellow.
  • The fruits of the infected plants exhibit pale yellow color, deformed, small and tough in texture.

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Grading of green peas

29/11/2019Posted on
    • When garden peas are intended for fresh market,  it is necessary to remove over matured yellow pods, flat pods, the diseased and insect injured pods.  
    • Peas for processing are graded into four grades based on the size of shelled peas.  

 

  • Smaller sizes are considered to have the best quality.

 

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Harvesting of green pea

29/11/2019Posted on
  • Harvesting of green pods must be done at the proper stage.  
  • For the vegetable purpose, the pods are harvested when their color changes from dark green to light green and are well filled.  
  • The plant should be handled gently and if the vines are damaged during picking, the remaining pods will not develop properly.

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Control of Stemphylium Blight in Onion

28/11/2019Posted on
  • Spray fungicides, Mancozeb75% WP @ 500 g /acre or
  • Hexaconazole 5% SC @ 400 ml/acre or 
  • Propiconazole 25%EC @ 200 ml/acre
  • at 10-15 days interval from 30 days after transplanting or as soon as disease appears.

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Symptoms of Stemphylium Blight in Onion

28/11/2019Posted on

Stemphylium blight:- 

 

  • Small yellowish to orange spots or streaks in the middle of leaves and flower stalks appear on one side.  
  • Later stage elongated spindle-shaped spots surrounded by pinkish margin developed in the middle of leaves.  
  • The disease appearing on the inflorescence stalk causes severe damage to the seed crop.

 

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Drip irrigation and Advantages of Drip Irrigation

27/11/2019Posted on

Drip irrigation 

The availability of water for the successful production of a good crop is an important factor. Due to the ever-increasing population and climate change, the quantity of water available in the ground is decreasing, due to which the production of crops is constantly decreasing. Drip irrigation was invented to solve this problem which has proved to be a boon for farmers. In this method, water is transported directly from the sources of plastic pipes to the roots of plants.

Advantages of Drip Irrigation –

  • Saves 60-70% of water compared to other irrigation systems.

  • Drip irrigation helps plants to provide nutrients with greater efficiency.

  • Drip irrigation can prevent losses of water (due to evaporation and leakage).

  • Water in drip irrigation is given directly in the crop roots. Due to which the surrounding soil becomes dry, weeds cannot be grown.

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Post Calving Challenges In Milk Cattles

27/11/2019Posted on

  • Reduced Dry Matter intake:- Before and during calving, cows do not eat or drink, But during calving cows can lose up to 50 Litre of water and electrolytes due to this, the cow becomes inactive and reduces dry matter intake.

  • Rapid increase in calcium demand:- Colostrum and milk contains large quantities of calcium, so after Calvin demand increases.

  • Negative Energy Balance:- After Calving most of the cows enter into a state of negative energy balance.

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Management of Wilt in Pea

26/11/2019Posted on
  • Treat seeds with Carboxin 37.%+ Thiram 37.5% @ 2 gm /kg or Trichoderma viride @ 5 gm/kg before sowing and avoid early sowing in badly infected areas.
  • Follow 3 years crops rotation.
  • Destroy the weed hosts.
  • Apply Mycorrhiza @ 4 kg/acre at 15 days after sowing.
  • Spraying Thiaphanate methyl 75% WP @ 300 gm/acre at before flowering.
  • Spraying Propiconazole 25% EC @ 125 ml/acre at pod formation stage.

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Symptoms of Wilt in Pea

26/11/2019Posted on

  • The roots turn black and the later rot away.

  • Plant growth is checked, foliage turn yellow and downward curling of stipules and leaflets takes place.

  • The entire plant wilts and the stem shrivels.

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Major Diseases and Their Control Measures of Wheat

25/11/2019Posted on

Rust is a major disease of wheat crop and there are 4 types of rust found in wheat i.e. Yellow Rust (Strip Rust), Leaf Rust (Brown Rust), Black Rust (Stem Rust).

Symptom-

 

  • Yellow Rust (Strip Rust) :- Stripe rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis. It is easily distinguished from other wheat rusts by the orange-yellow spores, which produce small, closely packed pustules developing into stripes along the length of the leaf veins. The spores occur on the upper surface of the leaves, the leaf sheaths, awns and inside of the glumes.

  • Favorable Condition:- Stripe rust requires cool and wet conditions to infect the crop. Free moisture on the leaves and an optimal temperature (10-15°C) are required for infection. Pustules erupt within 10-14 days after infection. The disease can cause up to 25% yield loss.

  • Leaf Rust (Brown Rust):- Leaf rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia triticinia. The disease can also infect rye and triticale. Leaf rust produces reddish-orange colored spores that occur in small, 1.5 mm, circular to oval-shaped pustules. These are found on the top surface of the leaves, distinguishing leaf rust from stem rust which is found on both surfaces of the leaf.

  • Favorable Condition:- The spores require 15 to 20º C temperature and free moisture (dew/rain/irrigation) on the leaves to successfully infect wheat. The first signs of the disease (sporulation) occur 10-14 days after infection. Removal of volunteer wheat plants, which forms a green bridge for the fungus through the summer, can eliminate or delay the onset of leaf rust.
  • Black Rust (Stem Rust):– Stem rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. In addition to wheat, it can also attack barley, rye, and triticale. Stem rust produces reddish-brown spore masses in oval, elongated or spindle-shaped pustules on the stems and leaves.Unlike leaf rust, pustules erupt through both sides of the leaves. Ruptured pustules release masses of stem rust spores, which are disseminated by wind and other carriers.
  • Favorable Condition:- Stem rust develops at higher temperatures than the other wheat rusts within a range of 18-30°C. Spores require free moisture (dew, rain or irrigation) and take up to six hours to infect the plant and pustules can be seen after 10-20 days of infection.

 Management:-

  • Destroy volunteer wheat plants.
  • Crop rotation is very important in the case of the yellow spot.
  • Growing resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly way of disease reduction.
  • During the growing season active crop monitoring is very important for an early detection of diseases.
  • Avoid repeated use of fungicides with the same active ingredient.
  • Spray Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP 320 gm/acre or Propiconazole 25% EC 240 ml/Acre.

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