January 2019 – Page 2

Soil preparation for cultivation of Bitter gourd

The land is ploughed and brought to a fine tilth by 1-2 crosswise ploughing and then it is levelled.
Well-rotten farmyard manure @ 8-10 t/Acre is applied before last ploughing.
Make beds of 2 to 3 feet wide depending on the support system to be adopted.

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Pustules can be seen after 10-20 days of infection.
In addition to wheat it can also attack barley, rye and triticale.
Black rust produces reddish-brown spore masses in oval, elongated or spindle-shaped pustules on the stems and leaves.
Unlike leaf rust, pustules erupt through both sides of the leaves.
Ruptured pustules release masses of stem rust spores.
Black rust develops at higher temperatures than the other wheat rusts within a range of 18-30°C.

Management-

Destroy volunteer wheat plants. Crop rotation is very important.
Growing resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly way of disease reduction.
During the growing season, active crop monitoring is very important for an early detection of diseases.
Avoid repeated use of fungicides with the same active ingredient.
Spray Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP 320 gm/acre or Propiconazole 25% EC 240 gm/acre.

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Central shoot withers and leading to “dead heart”.
Larvae mines the midrib enter the stem and feeds on the internal tissues.
Boreholes visible on the stem near the nodes.
Young larva crawls and feeds on tender folded leaves causing typical “shot hole” symptom.
Affected parts of the stem may show internally tunneling caterpillars.
In later stage, plant becomes die.

Control

Mix any one of the following granular insecticides with sand to make up a total quantity of 50 kg and apply in the leaf whorls on the 20th day after sowing.
Phorate 10% G 4 kg/acre or Fipronil 0.3% G 5 kg/acre on 15-20 day after sowing.
If granular insecticides are not used, spray any one of the following:

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For good quality, diseases and insect free yield the seed must be treat before sowing with the below products.
Seed treat with carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% fungicide 2 gm/kg seed or carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% fungicide 2gm/kg of seed.
Seed should be treated with imidacloprid 600 FS (48%) 1 ml/kg seeds for control of Sucking pest on early stage.

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For good quality, diseases and insect free yield the seed must be treat before sowing with the below products.
Seed treat with carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% fungicide 2 gm/kg seed or carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% fungicide 2gm/kg of seed.
Seed should be treated with imidacloprid 600 FS (48%) 1 ml/kg seeds for control of Sucking pest on early stage.

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The land is ploughed with disc harrow followed by three cross ploughing.
Well rotten compost or farmyard manure is mixed in soil at the time of ploughing.
Planting after last two ploughing with the soil pulverized and leveled.
If the soil is infested with nematodes Carbofuran @ 10 kg/Acre.
After levelling the field 40-50 cm wide make a distance of 2.0 to 2.5 cm.

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Potato harvesters are machines that harvest potatoes.
They work by lifting the potatoes from the bed using a share.
Soil and crop are transferred onto a series of webs where the loose soil is sieved out.
The potatoes are moved towards the back of the harvester on to a separation unit.
Then to a picking table where people pick out the stones, clods, and haulms by hand.
The potatoes then go on to a side elevator and into a trailer or a potato box.

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For good quality, diseases and insect free yield the seed must be treat before sowing with the below products.
Seed treat with carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% fungicide 2 gm/kg seed or carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% fungicide 2gm/kg of seed.
Seed should be treated with imidacloprid 600 FS (48%) 1 ml/kg seeds for control of Sucking pest on early stage.

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Calcium is an important nutrient in garlic and has a key role to play in crop yield and quality.
Calcium promotes enhance of root establishment and elongation of cells resulting increasing plant height.
It also has a improve tolerance of disease and chilling injury. Although recommended dose of calcium in the Garlic is good for yield, quality, and storage capacity.
Recommended dose of calcium is 4 Kg/Acre or according to soil testing report.

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The soil or main field should be prepared thoroughly by 3-4 ploughings.
Snake gourd crop requires good soil drainage.
Better yield and quality depends on the organic matter of farm yield manure (FYM) application while preparing soil and land.

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