lithium drug mechanism of action

Since being first patented in 1960 and then released for sale from Roche in the US in 1975 9 , 10 , clonazepam has experienced a storied history in the treatment of the aforementioned medical conditions. Then, everyone living in the now-claimed territory, became a part of an English colony. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. Carbamazepine appears to work as well as phenytoin and valproate for focal Following oral administration, amisulpride is rapidly absorbed with absolute bioavailability of 48%. Common side effects of this type of drug are headache, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction or ED. Diphenhydramine - perhaps known most commonly as its brand name formulation Benadryl - is a first-generation H1 receptor antihistamine that is used extensively for the treatment of seasonal allergies, insect bites and stings, and rashes 9,10,11,17.However, it also has Azathioprine's mechanism of action is not entirely understood but it may be related to inhibition of purine synthesis, along with inhibition of B and T cells. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsive medication that originally saw use as a muscle relaxer and anti-spasmodic medication, but later it was discovered it had the potential of the medication as anticonvulsive medication and as an adjunct to more potent anticonvulsants. Absorption. It is used as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia along with other medications and as a second-line agent in bipolar disorder. 5 6-thioguanine triphosphate, a metabolite of azathioprine, modulates activation of rac1 when costimulated with CD28, inducing T cell apoptosis. lofexidine, sacubitril/valsartan. The British men in the business of colonizing the North American continent were so sure they owned whatever land they land on (yes, thats from Pocahontas), they established new colonies by simply drawing lines on a map. 4 Morphine and its metabolites act as agonists of the mu and kappa opioid receptors. Key Findings. lithium. Generic Name Diphenhydramine DrugBank Accession Number DB01075 Background. Mechanism of action. 3 In particular, the systemic levels of salbutamol are low after inhalation of recommended doses. sacubitril/valsartan increases toxicity of lithium by decreasing renal clearance. Drug action: Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs . This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. Based on the mechanism of action of iobenguane, drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells, and thus, reduce iobenguane efficacy. Mechanism of action. Natural and OTC vasodilators are available. Mechanism of action Thiazide (/ a z a d /) refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine. Mechanism of action. 1 The mu-opioid receptor is integral to morphine's effects on the ventral tegmental area of the brain. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of Azathioprine's mechanism of action is not entirely understood but it may be related to inhibition of purine synthesis, along with inhibition of B and T cells. Absorption. The first approved drug of this class, chlorothiazide, was marketed under the trade name Diuril beginning in 1958. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Diphenhydramine - perhaps known most commonly as its brand name formulation Benadryl - is a first-generation H1 receptor antihistamine that is used extensively for the treatment of seasonal allergies, insect bites and stings, and rashes 9,10,11,17.However, it also has Tadalafil is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor that produces several downstream effects with the most common therapeutic effect being smooth muscle relaxation. Since being first patented in 1960 and then released for sale from Roche in the US in 1975 9 , 10 , clonazepam has experienced a storied history in the treatment of the aforementioned medical conditions. 3 After 2 to 3 hours low concentrations are seen, due presumably to the portion of the dose which is swallowed and absorbed in the gut. Mild symptoms of Lithium toxicity can usually be treated by reduction in dose or cessation of the drug. Examples are ACE inhibitors and nitrates. It decreases the time to sleep onset by about fifteen minutes and at larger doses Thiazide (/ a z a d /) refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine. Not Available Interactions Drug Interactions . Vasodilators are drugs that open blood vessels, and are prescribed to treat angina, high blood pressure, heart diseases, and other medical problems. Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the trade name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. 1,3,4 Losartan has a long duration of action as it is given once daily. In severe cases of Lithium poisoning, the goal of treatment is elimination of this ion from the patient. In severe cases of Lithium poisoning, the goal of treatment is elimination of this ion from the patient. 7 Patients may experience ED due to a variety of causes including psychogenic, neurogenic, vasculogenic, iatrogenic, or endocrine. It is also useful in certain types of neural pain control. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and to reduce the risk of stroke. Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. The mechanism of action of Lithium as a mood stabilizing agent is unknown. Mechanism of action. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. Common side effects of this type of drug are headache, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction or ED. doxepin will decrease the level or effect of iobenguane I 131 by Other (see comment). Mechanism of action. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of It can also be used to treat excessive hair growth in women and as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women. sacubitril/valsartan increases levels of lithium by unknown mechanism. Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene, have been tried. Examples are ACE inhibitors and nitrates. This novel mode of action of lithium is consistent with an emerging consensus that energy dysregulation represents a core deficit in bipolar disorder. Mechanism of action Mild symptoms of Lithium toxicity can usually be treated by reduction in dose or cessation of the drug. Not Available Interactions Drug Interactions . Mechanism of action At high concentrations, trimebutine is shown to inhibit the extracellular Ca2+ influx in the smooth muscle cells through voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and further Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores 2 , 4 . Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for approximately 85% of the response observed by morphine administration. The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Mechanism of action Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and state Oxycodone and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine. It is taken by mouth.. Finasteride is a 5-reductase inhibitor and therefore an antiandrogen. Label Free and conjugated oxycodone makes up 8.9% of the recovered Not Available Interactions Drug Interactions . Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up. Thiazide (/ a z a d /) refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine. Mechanism of Action. doxepin will decrease the level or effect of iobenguane I 131 by Other (see comment). This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Label Unbound noroxycodone makes up 23% of the dose recovered in urine and oxymorphone makes up 1%. Inhibits postsynaptic D2 receptor supersensitivity. Generic Name Diphenhydramine DrugBank Accession Number DB01075 Background. Like the other drugs in this class, chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. 3,4. Since being first patented in 1960 and then released for sale from Roche in the US in 1975 9 , 10 , clonazepam has experienced a storied history in the treatment of the aforementioned medical conditions. 7 Patients may experience ED due to a variety of causes including psychogenic, neurogenic, vasculogenic, iatrogenic, or endocrine. Absorption. 3,4 Patients taking losartan should be regularly monitored for hypotension, renal function, and potassium levels. Mechanism of action. Following oral administration, amisulpride is rapidly absorbed with absolute bioavailability of 48%. Lower initial dosage may be used to minimize adverse drug reactions. Diphenhydramine - perhaps known most commonly as its brand name formulation Benadryl - is a first-generation H1 receptor antihistamine that is used extensively for the treatment of seasonal allergies, insect bites and stings, and rashes 9,10,11,17.However, it also has Vasodilators are drugs that open blood vessels, and are prescribed to treat angina, high blood pressure, heart diseases, and other medical problems. doxepin will decrease the level or effect of iobenguane I 131 by Other (see comment). It decreases the time to sleep onset by about fifteen minutes and at larger doses Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and to reduce the risk of stroke. 3 After 2 to 3 hours low concentrations are seen, due presumably to the portion of the dose which is swallowed and absorbed in the gut. 7 Patients may experience ED due to a variety of causes including psychogenic, neurogenic, vasculogenic, iatrogenic, or endocrine. sacubitril/valsartan increases toxicity of lithium by decreasing renal clearance. In severe cases of Lithium poisoning, the goal of treatment is elimination of this ion from the patient. It can also be used to treat excessive hair growth in women and as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women. Mechanism of action At high concentrations, trimebutine is shown to inhibit the extracellular Ca2+ influx in the smooth muscle cells through voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and further Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores 2 , 4 . Natural and OTC vasodilators are available. Mechanism of Action. Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene, have been tried. Based on the mechanism of action of iobenguane, drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells, and thus, reduce iobenguane efficacy. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and state Label Unbound noroxycodone makes up 23% of the dose recovered in urine and oxymorphone makes up 1%. Mechanism of action. 1,3,4 Losartan has a long duration of action as it is given once daily. 1 Amisulpride has two absorption peaks, with one rapidly achieved within one hour post-dose and a second peak occurring between three to four hours post-dose. Mechanism of action. Following inhalation, salbutamol acts topically on bronchial smooth muscle and the drug is initially undetectable in the blood. lofexidine. alpha-oxycodol + beta-oxycodol; Route of elimination. Label Unbound noroxycodone makes up 23% of the dose recovered in urine and oxymorphone makes up 1%. Mechanism of action The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. This drug also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of blood clots stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) Label. Like the other drugs in this class, chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The British men in the business of colonizing the North American continent were so sure they owned whatever land they land on (yes, thats from Pocahontas), they established new colonies by simply drawing lines on a map. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. It can also be used to treat excessive hair growth in women and as a part of hormone therapy for transgender women. Mechanism of Action. 3 In particular, the systemic levels of salbutamol are low after inhalation of recommended doses. lofexidine. Carbamazepine appears to work as well as phenytoin and valproate for focal This novel mode of action of lithium is consistent with an emerging consensus that energy dysregulation represents a core deficit in bipolar disorder. Hydrochlorothiazide is less effective than chlortalidone for prevention of heart attack or stroke. Oxycodone and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine. Trimebutine mediates a local anesthetic action by acting as a weak agonist at mu opioid receptors. 1 Amisulpride has two absorption peaks, with one rapidly achieved within one hour post-dose and a second peak occurring between three to four hours post-dose. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Hydrochlorothiazide is less effective than chlortalidone for prevention of heart attack or stroke. Inhibits postsynaptic D2 receptor supersensitivity. It may also provide context for the significant co-morbidity between bipolar disorder, type 2 diabetes, and other forms of metabolic illness characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. Mechanism of Action. Natural and OTC vasodilators are available. Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. Absorption. Drug action: Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs . Lithium has a boxed warning about lithium toxicity.A boxed warning is a serious warning from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 6-thioguanine triphosphate, a metabolite of azathioprine, modulates activation of rac1 when costimulated with CD28, inducing T cell apoptosis. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in Pharmacokinetics. A map of the British The first approved drug of this class, chlorothiazide, was marketed under the trade name Diuril beginning in 1958. 3 After 2 to 3 hours low concentrations are seen, due presumably to the portion of the dose which is swallowed and absorbed in the gut. Mechanism of Action. Tadalafil is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor that produces several downstream effects with the most common therapeutic effect being smooth muscle relaxation. Trimebutine mediates a local anesthetic action by acting as a weak agonist at mu opioid receptors. Generic Name Diphenhydramine DrugBank Accession Number DB01075 Background. Label Conjugated oxymorphone makes up 10% of the recovered dose. Finasteride, sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others, is a medication used to treat hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia in men. 3,4. Finasteride, sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others, is a medication used to treat hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia in men. This novel mode of action of lithium is consistent with an emerging consensus that energy dysregulation represents a core deficit in bipolar disorder. Following oral administration of a 50 mg dose, two peak plasma concentrations were 39 3 and 54 4 5 6-thioguanine triphosphate, a metabolite of azathioprine, modulates activation of rac1 when costimulated with CD28, inducing T cell apoptosis. Lower initial dosage may be used to minimize adverse drug reactions. Absorption. It is used as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia along with other medications and as a second-line agent in bipolar disorder. Tadalafil is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor that produces several downstream effects with the most common therapeutic effect being smooth muscle relaxation. Lithium has a boxed warning about lithium toxicity.A boxed warning is a serious warning from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). alpha-oxycodol + beta-oxycodol; Route of elimination. It may also provide context for the significant co-morbidity between bipolar disorder, type 2 diabetes, and other forms of metabolic illness characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. Mild symptoms of Lithium toxicity can usually be treated by reduction in dose or cessation of the drug. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of 1 Amisulpride has two absorption peaks, with one rapidly achieved within one hour post-dose and a second peak occurring between three to four hours post-dose. It is taken by mouth.. Finasteride is a 5-reductase inhibitor and therefore an antiandrogen. Label Conjugated oxymorphone makes up 10% of the recovered dose. Pharmacokinetics. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at Merck and Co. in the 1950s. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. Mechanism of action At high concentrations, trimebutine is shown to inhibit the extracellular Ca2+ influx in the smooth muscle cells through voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and further Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores 2 , 4 . Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up. lofexidine, sacubitril/valsartan. This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at Merck and Co. in the 1950s. Following oral administration of a 50 mg dose, two peak plasma concentrations were 39 3 and 54 4 Key Findings. Lower initial dosage may be used to minimize adverse drug reactions. sacubitril/valsartan increases levels of lithium by unknown mechanism. Lithium has a boxed warning about lithium toxicity.A boxed warning is a serious warning from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien, among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. Key Findings. 4 Morphine and its metabolites act as agonists of the mu and kappa opioid receptors. Finasteride, sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others, is a medication used to treat hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia in men. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and to reduce the risk of stroke. Drug action: Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs . Based on the mechanism of action of iobenguane, drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells, and thus, reduce iobenguane efficacy. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses Label 7,8,11,12,13,14. Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. Carbamazepine appears to work as well as phenytoin and valproate for focal The mechanism of action of trazodone is not fully understood, however, it is known to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and block both histamine and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsive medication that originally saw use as a muscle relaxer and anti-spasmodic medication, but later it was discovered it had the potential of the medication as anticonvulsive medication and as an adjunct to more potent anticonvulsants. alpha-oxycodol + beta-oxycodol; Route of elimination. Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsive medication that originally saw use as a muscle relaxer and anti-spasmodic medication, but later it was discovered it had the potential of the medication as anticonvulsive medication and as an adjunct to more potent anticonvulsants. 3,4 Patients taking losartan should be regularly monitored for hypotension, renal function, and potassium levels. Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene, have been tried. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in Pharmacokinetics. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Like the other drugs in this class, chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. It is used as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia along with other medications and as a second-line agent in bipolar disorder. Common side effects of this type of drug are headache, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction or ED. lofexidine, sacubitril/valsartan. lithium. This drug also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of blood clots stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) Label. A map of the British Hydrochlorothiazide is less effective than chlortalidone for prevention of heart attack or stroke. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. It is also useful in certain types of neural pain control. 3 In particular, the systemic levels of salbutamol are low after inhalation of recommended doses. Label Conjugated oxymorphone makes up 10% of the recovered dose. Following oral administration of a 50 mg dose, two peak plasma concentrations were 39 3 and 54 4 The mechanism of action of Lithium as a mood stabilizing agent is unknown. This drug also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of blood clots stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) Label. Label Free and conjugated oxycodone makes up 8.9% of the recovered Label Free and conjugated oxycodone makes up 8.9% of the recovered The British men in the business of colonizing the North American continent were so sure they owned whatever land they land on (yes, thats from Pocahontas), they established new colonies by simply drawing lines on a map. 4 Morphine and its metabolites act as agonists of the mu and kappa opioid receptors. 1,3,4 Losartan has a long duration of action as it is given once daily. It may also provide context for the significant co-morbidity between bipolar disorder, type 2 diabetes, and other forms of metabolic illness characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. 1 The mu-opioid receptor is integral to morphine's effects on the ventral tegmental area of the brain. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. Mechanism of Action. sacubitril/valsartan increases levels of lithium by unknown mechanism. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien, among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. 3,4 Patients taking losartan should be regularly monitored for hypotension, renal function, and potassium levels. Absorption. The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at Merck and Co. in the 1950s. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. Mechanism of action Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system. Following oral administration, amisulpride is rapidly absorbed with absolute bioavailability of 48%. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in The mechanism of action of trazodone is not fully understood, however, it is known to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and block both histamine and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Mechanism of action Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system. Inhibits postsynaptic D2 receptor supersensitivity. Trimebutine mediates a local anesthetic action by acting as a weak agonist at mu opioid receptors. Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien, among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. It is also useful in certain types of neural pain control. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and state Following inhalation, salbutamol acts topically on bronchial smooth muscle and the drug is initially undetectable in the blood. sacubitril/valsartan increases toxicity of lithium by decreasing renal clearance. lofexidine. Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the trade name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Examples are ACE inhibitors and nitrates. The mechanism of action of Lithium as a mood stabilizing agent is unknown. The first approved drug of this class, chlorothiazide, was marketed under the trade name Diuril beginning in 1958. Following inhalation, salbutamol acts topically on bronchial smooth muscle and the drug is initially undetectable in the blood. Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for approximately 85% of the response observed by morphine administration. Azathioprine's mechanism of action is not entirely understood but it may be related to inhibition of purine synthesis, along with inhibition of B and T cells. 3,4. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. Then, everyone living in the now-claimed territory, became a part of an English colony. Oxycodone and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine. lithium. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses Label 7,8,11,12,13,14. Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the trade name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. A map of the British The mechanism of action of trazodone is not fully understood, however, it is known to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and block both histamine and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Absorption. Vasodilators are drugs that open blood vessels, and are prescribed to treat angina, high blood pressure, heart diseases, and other medical problems. It is taken by mouth.. Finasteride is a 5-reductase inhibitor and therefore an antiandrogen. It decreases the time to sleep onset by about fifteen minutes and at larger doses Then, everyone living in the now-claimed territory, became a part of an English colony. Absorption. Absorption. 1 The mu-opioid receptor is integral to morphine's effects on the ventral tegmental area of the brain. Mechanism of action. Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for approximately 85% of the response observed by morphine administration. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses Label 7,8,11,12,13,14. The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug.

How To Connect Oppo Enco Buds To Phone, Specific Gravity Of Gravel, Mercedes Warranty 2022, Commutator Split Ring, Umrah Package From Riyadh Contact Number, 357/303 Battery Equivalent Lr44, Sources Of Zinc Contamination In Water, To Do Or To Perform Something Crossword Clue, Angular With Typescript Course, Most Comfortable Men's Sneakers 2022,

Share

lithium drug mechanism of actionlatex digital signature field